A common atheistic rhetoric that
atheism is just “a lack of belief’ has been the subject of a lot of debate over the past decade.
Here I will discuss that rhetoric in theory and in practice. It is my
contention that not only is the rhetoric not accurate or helpful, but in
practice atheists consistently go far beyond a lack of belief. This assertion,
that atheism is a lack of belief, commonly goes hand in hand with the assertion
that atheism is thus a default position. The more I've been discussing this the
more I think that defining atheism as a lack of belief actually weakens the
atheistic position. I almost want to go along with it because if we allow that
position through it will become easier for theists to simply dismiss atheism as
a trivially true statement of subjective psychology than a substantive philosophical
option.
Fortunately, integrity cannot allow
me to argue against weak positions as if they are the only positions. I think
that atheism defined as the belief that God(s) do not or probably do not exist
is an much more robust position because it seems the perfect storm of a very
minimal burden of proof as a position of negation but also that it does not
suffer the potential problem of equitation between different usages. Not to
mention it escapes the criticism of being a redefinition for polemical purposes.
Much ink is spilled simply over the semantics and etymology of the word “atheism”
without actually getting to the real issues at hand.
Part of the problem struck me when
someone said that a person could be a “gnostic atheist.” That is, that they
could claim to know that God does not exist, and lack a belief, that is,
think that God's existence is not disproven but unproven. This position just
seems completely bizarre - that someone can know X is false but not have the
belief that it is true that X is false. At that point the equivocation that
occurs on atheism being a lack of belief and atheism being a rationally
justifiable position just fell like a ton of bricks.
It is true that the atheists may
have to give up the claim that babies are atheists but if we are honest, that
did not get them very far anyway because no one claims that babies are theists.
Thus for that to be in any way a meaningful assertion, the atheist would need
to show why it is not a total equivocation that babies are atheists in a different
way ultimately than they are or else the theist can simply point out that
atheism has as the rational foundations of a baby and a rock and a lobotomy
patient.
Firstly, the position that atheism
is a “lack of belief” is not what atheism has meant. That position is just
agnosticism - "I dont know if there is" entails the corollary "I
dont know that there isnt." That position is actually a rather innocuous
statement merely stating that you don’t know either way. God could exist and he
could not exist and the odds are about even. Or, for a kind of “hard”
agnosticism, one might hold to the position that we are simply in a position
that we cannot possibly know if there is a God or not.
However, if by "I dont believe
there is a god” one actually means “I disbelieve that there exists a god” then
the logical corollary is, “I believe that no such thing as god exists” in which
case you are not an agnostic. This is what has traditionally been defined as
atheism. That person is what has historically been meant by an atheist – one
who affirms the non-existence of a god. Yet if by “I don’t believe there is a
god” one means something about their personal psychology – that is that it is
just an autobiographical statement about one’s psychology equivalent to “I do
not believe god’s existence is either true or false,” then again, that person
is an agnostic. They are not describing the content of their actual beliefs but
rather are making a kind of cataloguing statement of the kinds of beliefs that
do or do not appear in their worldview. Yet atheists will commonly use the term
atheism to be a stance against that of the religious believer. They do not mean
it as a simple autobiographical statement. If that was a valid tactic then no
one could object when if I were to say that theism is just the presence of a
belief in God as an autobiographical statement of the kind of belief I have.
That would just be trivially true.
The real problem, I think, is that
this position (that atheism is a lack of belief) is not actually possible in
any meaningfully sense. Anyone who is involved in discussions about the
existence of God have, in actual fact, all kinds of beliefs about God(s) and
their more or less plausible or probable existence. The only way that we could
be said to lack a belief about God once engaged in discussion about him, is if
we are tabula rasa with regard to the issue of God – which none of us are. This
may be an apt description for rocks or trees or infants or lobotomy patients, but
not adults engaged in religious debates.
Now another equivocation seems to
be on the rise in the atheistic community between “I believe” and “I know.” If
by “I believe” we mean less than 100% certain knowledge and by “I know” we mean
absolute and certain knowledge then I can have all kinds of beliefs that I both
hold to be true and yet I do not know are true. The problem is that the
terms flip flop. Atheists will say that they lack a belief in God because
they are not claiming to know that God doesn’t exist – therefore they
are not making any claims that need to be supported. That is, they are claiming
they lack a belief because they lack knowledge (in the sense of absolute
certitude). I could say by that same kind of equivocation that I am a theist (I
have a God belief) and that I am an agnostic (I do not know with absolute
certainty that God exists) and then switch when pressed. This means that I
could make all kind of statements assuming the existence of God that I believe
to be true, but then when pressed say that I am not affirming beliefs since I
am not claiming to know that God exists. This means that I could then
help myself to the same rhetorical method that many atheists use. Imagine the
following conversation:
Me: God exists!
Atheist: How could you say that?! What is your evidence?
Me: Oh I’m not making any claims to know that God exists. I
lack a belief that God exists.
Atheist: But you just said that God exists.
Me: Yes but that is just an observation. I’m not claiming
absolute knowledge so I don’t need to defend it.
And on and on. There is so much equivocation and blurring of lines that occurs
when this tact is taken that it is hard to imagine people aren’t being
intentionally deceptive. And this redefinition of the terms only occurred in
the last 20 years or so. Before that point we had three easy terms:
Theist – believes God (-/+ probably) exist.
Agnostic – does not know if God does/doesn’t exist OR thinks
we CANNOT know either way.
Atheist – believes God(s) (-/+ probably) does not exist.
For centuries we understood that
people could be more or less certain within each of those categories. So for example
someone could say that they believe that God does not exist but they are only
65% sure of that conviction. The problem is that many atheists and theists alike
think that beliefs have to have certain conviction (how often have we heard
atheist ridicule theists for being so certain that God exists or theists
mocking atheists for being so certain that God doesn’t exist and so on.) It is
much more simple to use the terms as they were meant and, like in all other
areas, allow for more or less conviction and certainty about those beliefs.
I cannot say with any kind of
honesty that I lack a belief in Santa Claus if I have the belief that Santa
Claus does not exist unless I employ my terms equivocally. I do not lack
belief in Santa Claus. I disbelieve the claim that Santa Claus exists - that is
I affirm the proposition "No such being as Santa Claus exists." To
then say that I lack a belief would be either deceptive or deceitful or
dishonest or all of the above. I do not lack a belief about Santa Claus. I
believe that in the real world no such being exists. I believe in a Santa
Clausless universe.
Philosophically I do not lack a
belief in P if I believe the negation of P is more plausibly true. Rather I
disblieve that P is true. Now this is where the equivocation comes in. I may
say that I lack a belief in the autobiographical sense - that is if we were to
imagine all my beliefs as marble in a box and were to look around the box we
would not find the marble that corresponds to the statement "I believe
that God exists." So in that sense, yes you lack a belief in truth of the
statement "I believe God exists." But in that box we would find a
marble that does correspond to the equally assertive claim, "I disbelieve
that God exists" or "I believe that (-/+ probably) no such being as
God exists." Unless I am tabula rasa or am an agnostic, it is
impossible for “I lack a belief in God” to be a meaningful condition beyond a
trivially true statement of cognitive autobiography.
If we mean "atheism" in
the purely subjective or phenomological psychological sense then sure it can be
a lack of belief. But if we are talking at the level of discourse about the
nature of objective reality (which we are in these debates) where we are
discussing not our subjective beliefs themselves as a psychological statement
but the content of our beliefs as they describe what we think is true of
reality, then no, atheism is not a lack of belief but the assertion that (-/+ probably)
no such being(s) as God(s) exist. That is, that we live in a god-less reality.
Here we should even note the widespread usage of "godless" among
internet infidel types. Do they merely want us to accept the trivially true
statement of their subjective psychology? Or are they making statements about
the kind of reality that they think exists? If it is the former then, so what?
It would be just as banal as saying that I have a God belief. That does not
tell us anything other than what beliefs populate my psychology. But if we are
talking about propositions and what is true of reality, then we cannot allow
such equivocations.
For example, imagine I was an
anti-evolutionist and I started arguing that I simply lack a belief in
evolution. I then argued that people who believe in evolution are irrational
and deluded and that evolution was "not even true." What would we say
if when I was pressed for evidence for those statements, I simply said, "I
dont have the burden of proof to defend my claims. I simply lack a belief in
evolution. Sure I may disbelieve in evolution and believe that the statement
"evolution is probably is true" is in fact false. But if you were to
survey my beliefs you would find that I simply lack a belief in evolution. I
dont believe it is true."
To say that a person who believes P
is deluded, you must first know that P is not true. In order to say that P is
not true you must know (or at least believe it is reasonable to believe) and be
able to defend that not-P is true. Therefore you cannot say that Not-Pism is
not a belief or a lack of belief and say that people who believe P are
deluded. A further example may be helpful here.
I don't believe there is an
elephant in the room - I believe that the room is elephant less - because if
there were an elephant in the room I would expect certain things that I do not
find. The absence of evidence that we should expect to find is a kind of
evidence. No, this is not the same as "the absence of evidence is evidence
of absence," but if we should expect to find a certain kind of evidence if
X is true, then to not find that evidence is reason to hold the belief that X
is probably false. I can, from the absence of evidence that I should expect to
find in a room with an elephant, that therefore I think it is (-/+ probably)
false that there is an elephant in the room.
To go further, imagine an
astronomer publishes a paper on "There are not aliens anywhere in the
universe" but the entire paper is on why arguments for aliens aren't
compelling. At the very least you would say that he has overstated the case and
that he cannot say that there are no aliens, just that we don't know if there
are or not. The instant he makes the claim that we live in an alien-less
universe, he would need to defend that assertion. He does not lack a belief in
aliens, but rather is going a step further to the position that aliens (-/+
probably) do not exist. This is a good illustration of someone who is agnostic
with respect to aliens and one who is an a-alienist. The atheist position
(there is no -/+ probably no such being as God – that we live in a God-less
universe) does not have to be "I am certain there is no God" but can
also be "I believe it is fairly probable that there is no God". Still,
in so far as that is a statement about reality (i.e. reality is such that it is
probably a god-less reality) it is a positive claim and thus should be
reasonably defensible.
The objection to what has been said
so far however reveals the real motive behind the redefinition of atheism is
recent years. It is to make atheism the default position by definition. If
the atheist can convince the spectators to the God debates that atheism is the
default position, then it means that atheism does not need to be rationally
upheld or defended. So someone could make atheistic claims all day and mock,
ridicule and reject religion and yet never carry any burden of proof to defend
those claims. It is not surprising then that pop atheism has become so inundated
with "memes" and sound-byte rhetoric because it is particularly easy
now to make some attack on religion or some claim about religion being the
product of human invention, and when challenged to defend the claims to assert
that atheism is the default position, the tabula rasa, the non position that
just is a conclusion and an observation but not a belief, and so on. It can be
done because the rhetorical campaign to redefine atheism as basically
agnosticism while still getting to make atheistic claims has been so
successful. It even has some theists now dividing between hard and soft atheism
rather than holding the line on what those terms have always meant in
meaningful ways. Once we see that it is, however, just a trick of the rhetoric
to sneak atheism in under the guise of agnosticism, and that such equivocal uses
are not only not helpful but are actually dishonest, then the atheist is
paradoxically on their way to a more robust atheism than what they had
previously.
I think if an atheist did not just
knee jerk react to this course correction coming from a theist they would see
that I am actually trying to make their position much stronger. For example,
think of the claim that "humans live on the surface of the sun." If I
lack a belief in sun-humans, then all that I am saying is that
autobiographically in the catalogues of my beliefs that belief is not present.
By the same notion I can say that theism is an autobiographical statement that
I have such a belief. That is, theism would be reduced to a statement about a
belief and is not a belief itself. But then from that posture I could not
maintain that I simply lack a belief while at the same time saying that
people who believe humans live on the sun are wrong or deluded. In order to do
that I have to have a disbelief - a contrapositive belief to theirs. If I try
to have both, then it looks like I am being either confused in my statements or
else deceptive. It appears that I am playing a rhetorical shell game. However,
if I say that I believe in the negation of their belief I have an extremely low
burden of proof that could rationally consist of "we have never observed
any human to live at those temperatures. For me to overcome my disbelief, I
would need huge amounts of evidence." The minimal burden of proof for the
negative position is overwhelmingly outweighed by the burden of proof needed
for the positive position. The sun-human advocate would need to show that not
only is it possible for humans to survive on the sun, but also that humans actually
are surviving on the sun right now.
Therefore this stronger version of
atheism as disbelief in the probability of God’s existence seems a far more
robust version of atheism that does not have any of the inconsistencies or
confused language. I take it that this concept of atheism is far harder to deal
with for the theist. I think many atheists will likely be too stubborn to see
that this is actually much better for them merely because it is coming from a
theist and it would mean giving up some of their more silly arguments about
babies being atheists. It has been encouraging (and daunting) that I have seen
an increase in number of atheists who themselves are seeing the problem of
defining atheism as a simple autobiographical statement of lack of belief.
So the ball really is in the court
of the atheists. They can continue to play the shell game of rhetoric and
maintain a very trivial kind of atheism that will be unconvincing to most
people outside of the sphere of internet infidels, or they can abandon their love for saying that babies are atheists because they lack a belief in God and actually post an
intellectually stimulating challenge to religious belief. If they define
atheism in such a way that it is as meaningful and rational as a baby or a
lobotomy patient, why should they be surprised when they are taken no more
seriously than a baby or a lobotomy patient?I am highly skeptical. Sadly,
to bastardize a Lewis quote, some atheists are too content to play with mud
pies in the slums of lacking belief that they cannot imagine a
summer at the sea of consistent belief - or at least will be damned if
they allow a theist to give them directions!
